The perception of verticality and spatial orientation is a multifaceted process governed by the integration of visual, vestibular, proprioceptive and somatosensory cues. This complex sensory ...

James R. Lackner received his undergraduate and graduate training at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His research interests concern human spatial orientation and movement control in unusual ...

Spatial disorientation (SD) in aviation refers to a misinterpretation of the aircraft’s attitude, altitude, or motion, often induced by conflicting sensory inputs. Pilots may experience erroneous ...