Scientists have long known the ins and outs of equilibrium thermodynamics. Systems in equilibrium — a stable state of unchanging balance — are governed by a neat set of rules, making them predictable ...

The study of liquid‐liquid equilibrium (LLE) in ternary systems is vital for advancing separation science and process engineering. In such systems, three distinct components interact to yield two ...

The Laws of Thermodynamics are the foundation of heat transfer and energy work. When any engineer is designing or implementing a system, the consideration of heat loss or energy produced is influenced ...

A new discovery could be the beginning of a general framework of rules for seemingly unpredictable non-equilibrium systems, explain researchers. Scientists have long known the ins and outs of ...