Dr Mike McDonagh explains the chemical and physical processes involved in forming lead dioxide and pure lead in lead-acid battery plates.

Lead–acid batteries remain a cornerstone of energy storage, valued for their robustness, recyclability and cost‐effectiveness. Recent advancements have focused on enhancing the cycle life and ...

Batteries store and convert chemical energy into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions. They are a critical power source for modern electronics, from smartphones and laptops to electric ...