One of the basic tools in the RF design process is the use of S-parameter measurements. These measurements can be used in today’s computer-aided design (CAD) tools as part of the circuit-simulation ...

Operational data such as torque, vibration, and temperature are vital for refining machine design and predicting failure modes. Feedback from real-world machines reduces over-engineering, cuts costs, ...

As high-speed serial data rates advance beyond 50 Gb/s, conventional logic-emulating non-return-to-zero (NRZ) signaling is being replaced by PAM4, a four-level pulse amplitude-modulation scheme. PAM4 ...

The signal integrity analysis of high-speed electronic designs requires that the interconnect models be valid over a wide bandwidth. To represent the frequency-dependent behavior of a complex ...

Signals operating in the radio frequency (RF) realm between 3 kHz to 300 GHz are an inherent part of processing by circuit components within and outside an IC. Linear characteristics of RF circuits ...